Recovering, Stabilizing, and Reusing Nitrogen and Carbon from Nutrient-Containing Liquid Waste as Ammonium Carbonate Fertilizer

Ammonium carbonates are a group of fertilizer materials that include ammonium bicarbonate, carbonate hydrate, and carbamate. They can be synthesized from diverse nutrient-bearing liquid waste streams but unstable in moist environment. While extensively utilized several decades ago, their use gradually decreased favor large-scale, facility-synthesized urea fertilizers. The emergence sustainable agriculture, however, necessitates the recovery reuse nutrients using conventional feedstocks, such as natural gas air-derived nitrogen, nutrient-containing biogenic streams. To this extent, anaerobic digestion presents convenient source solid nitrogen carbon to produce fertilizers, since no significant chemical transformations needed is already present an ion. This review describes detailed examples feedstocks methods required concentrate crystallize carbonates. technologies currently proposed or stabilize environment described detail. Finally, agricultural efficiency these also described.